整个英语语法体系

Words Types

Sentences

Tense

动词的形式有多种:动词原形、动词三单、动词过去时、动词的现在分词、过去分词 以do为例,对应 do, does, did, doing, done

Present simple and Present continuous, Present Perfect and past simple (Stative Verbs: Verbs that describe states rather than actions are normally only used in the simple form, i.e. verbs of thinking(e.g. know,agree), verbs of appearance(e.g. look,seem), feeling(e.g. prefer,want), possession(e.g. own,belong), the senses(e.g. taste,sound). Some stative verbs can sometimes be used in the continuous form, but with a change in meaning: I’m seeing Bob on Monday=I am meeting Bob)

“I would do it” and “I would have done it”? https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-I-would-do-it-and-I-would-have-done-it-Why

who’d have guessed? 谁能猜得到?

pretty much has been done

Present simple and Present continuous

“How do you interpret” is a general question asking for someone’s understanding or explanation of something, while “how are you interpreting” focuses on how a specific person is currently understanding or analyzing something in the moment, implying a more active process of making sense of information.

将来进行时 will do VS will be doing

SLA said it will not be giving the club an alternative site for another golf course, but may offer it another area for social uses.

In view of the limited time for Day 2 lesson this week, please spend some time to read the following topics before the lesson. If you have any specific questions on these topics, feel free to let me know in advance. I will still be going through important points on these topics, the rest of the Day 2 lesson time will be used for in-class discussions. I will also be spending some time to discuss the scenario for the first individual assignment and specific areas which are out of scope for the examination during Day 2 lesson.

  1. ‌强调“时间分配”的刻意性‌ 通过将来进行时,暗示 ‌“特意留出时间”‌ 完成该任务,而非随意插入。 对比: “I ‌will spend‌ time…” → 中性陈述(可能临时起意) “I ‌will be spending‌ time…” → 暗示提前规划(课程设计中已预留时段)
  2. ‌弱化“义务感”,增强“流程性”‌ 使用进行时能避免让听众感觉这是教师的单方面要求(”will do” 可能隐含强制感),而更像 ‌“课程自然进展的一部分”‌。 例: 领导开会时说 “We ‌will be reviewing‌ the policy”(流程性) vs. “We ‌will review‌ the policy”(可能暗示强制任务)。

  3. ‌暗示与其他动作的同步性‌ will do 简单陈述将来要发生的动作; 而 will be doing 则强调将来发生这种动作的状态,及在此状态或背景下可能发生的其它动作。 未来进行时可暗示 ‌“在Day 2课程期间,讨论与其他活动并行”‌。 例: “I ‌will be teaching‌ grammar while you ‌take‌ notes.”(教学与记笔记同时进行)

The train will arrive in a few minutes. 一般将来时,仅指火车几分钟就要到达的客观事实 The train will be arriving in a few minutes. 将来进行时,指火车几分钟后到站的那种状态,可暗含做好准备上车,接人什么的意味。 如: The train will be arriving in a few minutes, let’s be ready to get on board. 对比: I will study English = 陈述将来的一个事实,将来的某个时间我会学英语。 I will be studying English =我在学习英语的时候,可能有其它事情发生。如: I will be studying English when you come to pick me up.

is done VS is being done

‌You should have some way to assess how the work is being done.‌ 你应当有办法评估工作的实时执行情况。 ‌You should have some way to assess how the work is done.‌你应当有某种方法来评估工作是如何完成的

  1. ‌is done‌ → ‌一般性/已完成状态‌ ‌含义‌:描述‌常态、习惯或已完成的被动动作‌,不强调进行过程。 ‌场景‌: The work ‌is done‌ every Friday. (工作每周五完成)→ ‌固定流程‌ The window ‌is closed‌ at night. (窗户每晚关闭)→ ‌重复性动作‌

  2. ‌is being done‌ → ‌当前进行中的动作‌ ‌含义‌:明确表示‌此刻正在发生的被动动作‌,突出动作的持续性。 ‌场景‌: The bridge ‌is being built‌ right now. (桥梁正在建设中)→ ‌施工中‌ Your computer ‌is being repaired‌. (你的电脑正在维修)→ ‌维修过程未结束‌

Being done‌ 单独出现时可能是动名词(如 Being criticized is painful)或分词(如 The project being discussed),‌不可独立作谓语‌。‌谓语必须完整‌:is being done 是唯一正确的进行时被动谓语形式(不可省略 is)

future tense

过去将来时 I knew they would…

Past

If I knew then what I know now, I’d avoid those mistakes.

Past past perfect

Didn’t havn’t https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/385/when-should-i-use-didnt-instead-of-havent

Past perfect, present perfect I wondered if you’d had time to look through the portfolio I sent.

A: I wondered if you’d(had) had time to look at the brochure I sent you. B: Yes, it looks very interesting.

https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/26256/i-had-finished-the-work-on-friday-i-have-finished-the-work https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/i-was-wondering-if-you-have-had-had-a-chance.3187192/

从句时态

He said that he was tired.‌ ‌语法结构‌: 主句:He said(一般过去时) 从句:that he was tired(一般过去时) ‌时态逻辑‌: 主句动词 said 为过去时,从句需保持时态一致,因此将直接引语 “I am tired” 中的现在时 am 转为过去时 was,描述‌说话当时的持续状态‌(如疲劳感)24。 ‌隐含含义‌:强调过去某个时间点他表达疲劳的状态,不涉及当前影响。

He didn’t do what he said he did.‌ ‌语法结构‌: 主句:He didn’t do(一般过去时,否定形式) 嵌套从句: 一级从句 what he said(said 为一般过去时) 二级从句 he did(一般过去时) ‌时态逻辑‌: 主句过去时驱动所有从句时态统一为过去范畴。he did 表示‌他声称已完成的动作‌,但主句 didn’t do 否定其真实性,形成“承诺未履行”的对比6。 ‌隐含含义‌:揭露言行不一致(他说做了某事,实则未做)

He has done what he said he would do.‌ ‌语法结构‌: 主句:He has done(现在完成时) 嵌套从句: 一级从句 what he said(said 为一般过去时) 二级从句 he would do(过去将来时) ‌时态逻辑‌: 主句现在完成时 has done 强调‌动作已完成且对当前有影响‌。 从句中 said 为过去时,would do 为过去将来时,表示从过去视角计划的未来动作,时态链完整(过去承诺 → 现已实现)67。 ‌隐含含义‌:突出承诺的兑现(他说会做某事,现已做到)

he said he had done with me.‌ ‌语法结构‌: 主句:he said(一般过去时) 从句:he had done with me(过去完成时) ‌时态逻辑‌: 从句动词 had done(过去完成时)表示动作发生于主句动作 said ‌之前‌,意为“结束关系或处理完毕”。“done with me” 为习惯表达,指“与我了断”6。 ‌隐含含义‌:声明在说话前已终止关系(如分手或决裂)

比较级 Comparative and Superlative

It is best to allow only one analyst to work on a diagram at a time.

Generally, if a two-syllable word ends in /i/ or /o/ (e.g, easy, happy, silly, narrow), then it gets the morphological -er and -est. Otherwise it’s more and most.