<>seldom use []explain () related ~diverge
“The (article) quick (adjective) brown (adjective) fox (noun) jumps (verb) over (preposition) the (article) lazy (adjective) dog (noun) and (conjunction) happily (adverb) barks (verb)!” (interjection)
Breakdown:
Article: The
Adjective: quick, brown, lazy
Noun: fox, dog
Verb: jumps, barks
Preposition: over
Conjunction: and
Adverb: happily
Interjection: ! (implied excitement)
Idiomatic Meaning Literal Meaning
acronyms 指由首字母组成的可发音单词（如 NASA） abbreviations 广义缩略语，包含首字母缩略词、截短词等（如 lab 为 laboratory 的截短词）
the
Definition: Words that connect clauses, phrases, or words. Examples:
Coordinating: and, but, or (“tea and coffee”) Subordinating: because, if, although (“If it rains”) Correlative: either/or, neither/nor
whlist 同时; 时时，有时; 当…的时候; <英>同“while”; both either neither http://www.grammar.cl/english/both-either-neither.htm wherein adv. 其中; 在那里，在哪方面; conj. 在哪一点上; 在什么地方; whatsoever pron. 任何; 无论什么; therefore thereby https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/148009/thereby-vs-therefore
Anyway whatsoever
yet My sales process is more costly than my competitors - how to reduce yet stay competitive. 我的销售流程成本高于竞争对手——如何在降低成本的同时保持竞争力？在句中，“yet”连接两个动词不定式（reduce 与 stay）不同于单纯的“but”或“however”，“yet”在此更偏向矛盾目标间的动态平衡，而非非此即彼的对立
Provided that/so long as（只要）/ on condition that（在……条件下） Provided that the funding is obtained, the company intends to produce a first version of the production system in the following three months.
IF, EVEN IF, ONLY IF, AS LONG AS, PROVIDED, SUPPOSING, UNLESS, BUT FOR, IF NECESSARY, IF SO, IN CASE etc.
my, some, each (modify nouns like adjectives)
a handful of 强调数量少，常用于具体或抽象事物，如“一把（量词）”或引申为“少数” Only a handful of companies dominate the global tech market.（仅有少数几家公司主导全球科技市场。）
Definition: Words, phrases, or sentences that express strong emotion (e.g., surprise, anger, joy) and often end with an exclamation mark (!).
+ Standalone or in sentences: - “Wow!” (standalone) - “What a beautiful day!” (full sentence) + Can include other word types: - Interjections: “Ouch!”, “Yikes!” - Nouns/Adjectives: “Genius!”, “Perfect!” - Full phrases: “How amazing!”, “I can’t believe it!”
| | Category | Examples | Emotion Expressed |
|---|---|---|---|
| | Interjections | “Oh no!”, “Hooray!” | Shock, joy |
| | Adjective-based | “Fantastic!”, “Terrible!” | Approval, disgust |
| | Question-form | “What a mess!” | Frustration |
| | Imperative | “Stop!”, “Run!” | Urgency/command |
up, off (in phrasal verbs: “give up”)
Definition: Words that replace nouns to avoid repetition.
Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, they Possessive: mine, yours, his, hers Reflexive: myself, yourself, themselves Demonstrative: this, that, these, those Relative: who, which, that (“The book that I read”) Indefinite: someone, anybody, nothing
Definition: Words that show relationships (time, place, direction). Examples:
Time: at, on, in (“at 5 PM”) Place: under, over, between Direction: to, from, into
| 介词 | 含义侧重 | 例句 | 自然度 |
|---|---|---|---|
| at | 指“在某个场所或地点”进行滑冰这项活动，强调场所的整体性。 | Let’s go skate at the roller rink this weekend. (我们周末去旱冰场滑冰吧。) | ✅✅✅ 最常用 |
| in | 强调在场地“内部”的物理空间感。 | It’s crowded in the roller rink. (旱冰场里面很拥挤。) | ✅✅ 可用，但少用 |
| on | 通常指在某个“平面”上，更多用于描述在“冰面”或“轮滑面”上滑行的具体动作。 | She is practicing new moves on the rink. (她正在场地上练习新动作。) | ✅✅ 可用，指平面 |
in VS on in 在……内部 (一个三维立体空间内) The birds are flying in the sky. She put the fruit salad in a large plate.（此用法较少见 仅当盘子有足够高的边沿，橙子像是被“包围”在其中时，才可能使用，但远不如 on普遍 in the bowel / in the pot 用于深形容器，强调内容物被容器包围在其中） on 在……表面 (与一个平面接触) There’s a fly on the ceiling. There are some oranges on the plate. on the pan 用于浅口平底容器，强调内容物置于其表面 [固定搭配中用in 习语 “a flash in the pan”（昙花一现）] On campus：我们将“campus”（校园）认知为一个广阔的、开放的平面区域（an open area），就像一张地图上的一个片区。介词 on非常适合用来表示“在…表面上”或“在…区域内”。类似的表达还有 on the playground（在操场上）、on the field（在田野/球场上）。 ❌In campus：如果将“campus”看作一个像房子一样的封闭的、有边界的立体空间（an enclosed space），才会使用 in。但我们通常不这样看待校园，所以 in campus听起来非常别扭。我们只会说 in the classroom（在教室里）、in the library（在图书馆里），因为这些是具体的、封闭的建筑。 大型公共交通工具或高出地面的交通工具 Get in / Get off 小型、封闭的交通工具 Get on / Get Out Of
hit on the head 介词 on在这里表示接触一个表面。头部（head）、鼻子（nose）、背部（back）等被视为较硬、突出的表面，因此击打这些部位通常用 on
hit someone in the head”，则暗示击打力量较大，或针对眼睛等较柔软、易凹陷的部位，给人一种“打入内部”的感觉。例如：“The bullet hit him in the head.
bump into into表示进入或碰撞后陷入的状态。它生动地描绘了动作的意外性和方向感，即不是有意的撞击，而是“撞进去”的感觉
I wasn't looking and bumped into the door.（我没看路，撞到了门上。）
I bumped into an old friend at the supermarket yesterday.（我昨天在超市偶然遇到了一位老朋友。） in/into on/onto
“踩到某物上” 既可以说 step onto something（强调“上去”的动作），也可以说 step on something（日常通用）。
“踩进某物里” 既可以说 step into something（强调“进去”的动作），也可以说 step in something（日常通用）。
on/to/onto 这里的 onto由 on+ to构成，它更具体地暗示了“移动并最终踏上其表面”的意象，这种用法带有一定的文学或修辞色彩，在演讲中为了表达一种“踏入新征程”的郑重感 When he arrived on campus, he felt a sense of belonging. When he went to campus, he met an old friend at the gate. He forgot to bring his textbook when he came to campus. As a freshman stepping onto campus for the first time, she was filled with a mix of excitement and anticipation for the unknown journey ahead.
along 作介词（Preposition） 空间：指“沿某物的长度方向”（+ 线性路径，如道路、河流）。 We walked along the river.（我们沿着河边走。） 时间：表示“在…期间”（非正式用法） Changes happened along the way.（变化在过程中发生。） 作副词（Adverb）表示“向前移动”或“一起”。 Come along!（一起来吧！） The dog ran along.（狗向前跑。 alongside 作介词（Preposition） 空间：指“紧挨着某物”（+ 静态位置，强调平行或邻近）。 The ship docked alongside the pier.（船停靠在码头旁。） 抽象：表示“与…合作/同时发生”。 She worked alongside experts.（她与专家一起工作。） 作副词（Adverb）表示“在旁边”或“并行” Two cars drove alongside.（两辆车并排行驶。） at 表示精确的地点或小地点；具体的时刻点；活动、状态
at the station (在车站)；at 9:00 AM (在上午9点)；at work (在工作)
At no point between then and 01/03
at the same price
by By通常表示方式、方法或凭借（by bus, by me） drawer by drawer 一个一个的翻抽屉 by rotation
cum 及; 和; 与; <拉>连同
for
from from通常表示来源或起点（from Beijing, from now on） In general,the parts are inseparable from the whole
in / into 表示在较大或封闭的空间内；较长或泛指的时间段；状态 in the room (在房间里)；in 2025 (在2025年)；in the morning (在早上)；in progress (进行中) in the long run
把手伸进手套
Put your hand into the glove.
Push your hand all the way in.
of of that I am sure To be of value needs to be highly accurate and in near or real time. on 表示与表面接触；具体的某天或特定某天的上午、下午、晚上；关于（较正式或学术）
on the table (在桌上)；on Monday (在周一)；on a cold winter evening (在一个寒冷的冬夜)；a book on history (一本关于历史的书)
next Monday就相当于时间状语,不需要再加on,这是习惯用法.只有today，next Monday，next week等时间副词或者时间词组可以省略on.
on our end（或 on our side）。这里的 end指的是“（链条、通信或交易的）一端”。On在这里表示“在…上”，暗含一种“表面附着”或“责任承担”的隐喻，意思是问题或工作“在我们这一端”、“由我们这边负责”。
install software on a system/computer 或 install software in an operating system。
•On在这里表示“在…之上”，把整个系统或计算机看作一个平台或基础。
•In虽然偶尔也可能见到，但不如 on常见和自然。In可能更强调“在操作系统这个环境内部”。 over
year over year 年比
over the time （vs 副词短语 over time)
over the time 需特指某段具体时间（常搭配定语从句或具体时间段）：
Her skills evolved over the time she studied abroad
over time描述自然积累或长期变化：
The old building decayed over time.（老建筑逐渐破败。）
over the years
per per pax=per person/passenger person is a decent substitute for individuals, People is the ordinary plural of person to 表示方向、趋向；给予；关联、附着 To my knowledge是一个固定短语，意思是“据我所知”、“就我所知”。这里的 to表示的是“就…而言”、“根据”的含义，强调一种“指向”或“关联”的关系 go to school (去学校)；give to me (给我)；the key to the door (门的钥匙) to closure keep to the budget to the extent that “To me” vs. “For me” http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/3098/expressing-an-opinion-to-me-or-for-me in response to the request, he ** (respond) towards towards The written exam paper at the end of the course contributes 70% towards your final assessment.
through
把手穿过袖子
Put your arm through the sleeve.
Find your way out of the sleeve.
一个短语有没有冠词（a/an/the），决定了它是强调“功能、状态”还是“具体地点”。
| 无冠词（抽象功能/状态） | 中文含义 | 加冠词（具体地点/动作） | 中文含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| at school | 在上学 | at the school | 在学校（地点） |
| in school | 在求学（强调学生身份） | in the school | 在学校里（建筑物内） |
| in hospital | 住院（作为病人） | in the hospital | 在医院里（地点） |
| at hospital | (较少用) | at the hospital | 在医院（工作或探病） |
| at table | 在吃饭 | at the table | 在桌子旁 |
| in bed | 卧床（睡觉或生病） | in the bed | 在床上 |
对比： at in on 地点 时间 http://www.zybang.com/question/42a3219636fccdac61cb0d6e54b9d0dd.html https://tw.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110817000015KK11854 Locators in Time and Place: http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/prepositions.htm
in your lap 指 双手放置于大腿内侧形成的“凹陷空间”，被双腿自然包围（如怀抱物品），而非仅置于膝盖表面 She sat with her hands in her lap.”（她双手放膝间坐着）→ 手被大腿内侧包裹，呈放松状态 of for purpose of purpose for http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/6969/the-purpose-of-versus-the-purpose-for-which-one-is-proper
for in about passion for in about? https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/62659/shall-i-use-pursue-my-passion-for-or-in
from to vs from until http://ask.metafilter.com/54660/Fromuntil-or-Fromto
at vs in at or in mcdonald’s at/in at school workplace office home among amongst http://grammarist.com/usage/among-amongst/
to/on • 强调动作的方向和目的地时，用 deploy to the server（部署到服务器上）。 • 强调产品已经存在于服务器之上/之中的状态时，可以用 deployed on the server（部署在服务器上）。On同样更常见，表示服务器作为一个平台。 • Deployed in the server听起来像是产品被放在了服务器的“物理机箱里面”，除非特指这种情况，否则较少使用
belong to 所有权归属 人/物属于特定主体（人、组织、类别） “The park belongs to the Crown.”（公园属于王室） belong in 环境适宜性 强调事物在特定场所的“自然存在感”或“功能合理性” “Water bottles belong in parks for hydration.”（水壶属于公园，因补水合理） belong on 位置合理性 强调事物在特定平面/空间中的“应然位置” “Animals belong on this planet.”（动物本应存在于地球）
as for as of 用于表示时间或日期的起点或截止点 As of next month, prices will increase.（自下月起，价格将上涨。 As of yesterday, the project was 80% complete.（截至昨日，项目已完成80%。） as such | 用法类型 | 结构 | 例句 | |————|—————–|———————————————————————————| | 指代身份或本质 | 名词 + as such | He is a doctor, and as such must follow medical ethics.（他是医生，因此需遵守医德。） | | 强调事物本身属性 | as such + 描述性内容 | The plan as such is feasible, but the timeline is tight.（计划本身可行，但时间紧迫。） | | 句首表因果关系 | As such, + 结果句 | The product sold out. As such, we need to restock immediately.（产品售罄，因此需立即补货。） |
because of/in view of/considering/in light of Documentation and training can be refined in light of experience | 短语 | 语体 | 主观程度 | 适用场景 | 例句 | |————-|—–|——|———–|——————————————————–| | because of | 通用 | 无 | 直接因果关系说明 | The event failed because of poor planning | | in view of | 正式 | 低 | 官方决策/法律文件 | In view of the evidence, we suspend the license | | considering | 口语 | 高 | 个人体谅/折中判断 | Considering the budget, this is acceptable | | in light of | 半正式 | 中 | 基于新证据的调整 | In light of latest research, we updated the guidelines |
in front of in terms of vs in the sense of vs with respect/regard to ‘in terms of’ When we speak in this way, using these kinds of terms. eg In terms of computer skills, his programming and website design abilities are excellent. ‘with regard to’ When we look at something. eg With regard to this problem, we need a solution by Friday. according to instead of due to owing to prior to
With regard to that/regarding that 关于这一点 by means of in the event of in the event of contingencies in spite of
In Reponse To The government lowered taxes in response to the economic crisis.
no later than 固定搭配的介词短语（prepositional phrase）13，由 否定词（no） + 比较级副词（later） + 介词（than） 限定动作的最晚时间（如 Submit the report no later than Friday） 表示截止条件（如 Payment must be made no later than the due date） regardless of you will encounter resistance regardless of which approach you take up to It’s up to you to decide.（由你决定。）
at most 状语（最常见）： 修饰数量或程度，位置灵活（句首、句中、句尾） 例：The project will take at most two weeks.（项目最多耗时两周） 例：At most, 10 people attended the meeting.（最多10人参会） 后置定语（较少见）： 例：A budget of $100 at most is allocated.（最多分配100美元预算）
at distinct points in time Data was collected at distinct points in time to track changes.（数据在不同时间点收集以追踪变化 end to end End to end is a term used in many business arenas referring to the beginning and end points of a method or service, and end-to-end theory embraces the philosophy that eliminating as many middle layers or steps as possible will optimize performance and efficiency in any process. An end-to-end process ensures the comprehensive completion of work and is typically managed within a specified timeframe. Internal procedures at a company often lay out a process for end-to-end management using the most efficient and timely approach to manufacture goods or complete a service.Read more: End To End Definition | Investopedia http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/end-to-end.asp
halfway/partway through halfway through 强调时间或进程的精确中点（50%完成度），多用于量化场景 The car broke down halfway through the race. partway through 泛指中途某点（未必是50%），侧重未完成或意外中断，语义更模糊 He paused partway through the speech. in the middle of something | 功能 | 例句 | 含义 | |————|—————————————————–|————————| | 表示时间进行中 | She’s in the middle of a meeting.（她正在开会。） | 强调动作正在进行（= busy doing） | | 表示物理位置居中 | The vase is in the middle of the table.（花瓶在桌子中间。） | 指具体空间位置的中心 | | 比喻性用法 | We’re in the middle of a crisis.（我们正处于危机中。） | 抽象状态的中期或关键阶段 |
in a timely fashion / in this fashion 以…方式”或“在…状态下” The project manager ensured all tasks were completed in a timely fashion.（项目经理确保所有任务及时完成。） Data must be processed in this fashion to avoid errors.（数据必须以这种方式处理以避免错误。） on board We need to get more experts on board.（我们需要让更多专家加入。） Is everyone on board with the plan?（大家都同意这个计划吗？） on demand 商业场景： The system provides data on demand.（系统按需提供数据。） 金融术语： A promissory note payable on demand.（见票即付的本票。） on the gounds （not ground!!!） He resigned on the grounds of health issues.后接名词或从句，说明具体原因 The case was dismissed on the grounds that evidence was insufficient.引导同位语从句，强调法律或逻辑依据 shoulder to shoulder, side by side The team fought shoulder to shoulder against the crisis. The children walked side by side. with that being said 是一个 独立主格结构（Absolute Construction），属于 介词短语（Prepositional Phrase） 的一种特殊形式，用于承接上下文或过渡逻辑关系 | 功能 | 作用 | 例句 | |——–|——————————————————|—————————————————————————| | 逻辑过渡 | 总结前文并引出转折或结论，相当于 ”however” 或 ”having said that”。 | The plan has risks. With that being said, we should proceed cautiously. | | 强调前提 | 先承认某事实，再提出后续观点，类似 ”given that”。 | He’s inexperienced. With that being said, he shows great potential. | | 正式替代 | 比 ”but” 更正式，多用于书面语或演讲。 | The data is limited. With that being said, the trend is clear. |
campaign kæmˈpeɪn 运动; 战役; 竞选运动; 季节性竞赛 lag jet lag/ internet lag/ lag time
mean=> means is a means to
asymmetric 不对称的 anti antispetic 防腐剂/消毒水 attire n. 服装，衣服; vt. 使穿上衣服，使穿上盛装;
arise after- afterthoughts事后的考虑或想法; 事后聪明; 事后再想起; 后来添加的东西; aftereffects 后果; 事后影响; （药物的） 后效; 后作用; age: mileage usage linkage slipage
back drawback fallback Bi- bipolar ˌbaɪˈpəʊlə(r) 双极 bypass breakthrough 突破; 穿透; 重要技术成就; 炉衬烧穿
close-out
coresponding corelate cooperate collaborate coordinate
counter- 表示“相反，相对”
countermeasure counterclockwise
counter pull The counter-pull of market forces delayed the merger.（市场力量的反向拉力延缓了并购进程。）
cessation （暂时） 停止，休止，中断; recession procession队伍，行列; 一列，一排; 列队行进; concessionary （对某类人） 减价的;
corrupted disrupted
de- 脱 去 除 离 解除 de-inflation 去通胀 devauation 贬值 de-dupe 删除技术; 重复数据删除; 删除功能 dis dispose discharge disclose discipline displace dependent time-dependent effects down downside downwards downterm downstream downfall 下台 (fall down)
ele- elevation elevated elevator electromagnetic
efficient energy-efficient The new factory was designed to be energy efficient.（新工厂的设计旨在实现能源高效利用。） cost-efficient The new software system proves to be cost efficient and user-friendly.（新软件系统兼具成本效益且易于使用。） foothold 据点; 立足处（攀登时脚踩的地方）; （在事业等方面可以进一步发展的） 稳固地位 ficiency proficiency熟练 娴熟 deficiency efficiency fore- foresight
far-reaching far-reaching impact 深远影响 fast tracking 快车道 fast forward
geneity: homogeneity, heterogeneity graphy cryptography 密码使用法，密码系统 demography Calligraphic 书法的;
hetero 异构 heterogeneous hybrid混合物 hydro hygiene hype 夸大的宣传hyper hyphen连字符 hypnotic 催眠的 hysteric 亢奋/歇斯底里的 hydro 水利 hydroelectric hyper 亢奋的 hyperlink hypertension 高血压 hypermobility 高流动性 hypo n. 海波; 硫化硫酸钠; <口>刺激; 瘾君子;vt. 给…作皮下注射; （以皮下注射毒品等方式） 刺激; 助长 hypothesis hygiene hot hot-spot hot-swapping homo homogeneous homosexual
hind- hindsight
inter interdependency cross dependent interdepartmental interoperability interchange interdisciplinary 跨学科 interchangeably interdependence Interpersonal 人际关系 interlinked interoperate interoperable interconnecting interrogative 表示疑问的，质问的; interleaved 交叉存取的，隔行扫描的 intermediary 媒介; 中间人; 调解人; 中间阶段 innovation renovation injestion conjestion digestion inject conject conjunct ior - senior superior inferior
kilo kilogram kilobyte
less headless stateless load payload 负载 workload工作量 overload let booklet leaflet [ˈli:flət] 传单，散页印刷品; 小叶，嫩叶; 复叶的一片; 叶状器官
gence diligence intelligence
multi multitenancy Multi-Disciplined 多学科 multidimensional Complex interactions are multidimensional
mal thermal 暖气流 geothermal 地热 meter decimeter centimeter millimetres
mega megabyte megatrends mono: monolithic整体的 monopoly垄断的 mag- magnitude(altitude longitude latitude) magnet magnify magnetic mag-：源自 magnetic（磁性的）的缩写，常见于技术术语（如 magcard 指磁卡） magstripe 磁卡 （信用卡磁条）
outset 开始，开端; outflow 流出 outset - the start or beginning of something outlet outfit -a set of clothes worn together, especially for a particular occasion or purpose. 装备 outline outbreak outcome outage - a period when a power supply or other service is not available or when equipment is closed down. outrage 激怒 outcry outshine fallout 原子尘的降下，余波，附带结果
over overstated overlook overtaxed overarch overarching overhaul overrate overdue overdrive 驱使过度，虐待，超速传动; overstatement 言过其实 overflow 溢出 overdue 过期的 未兑的 overwrite override overload overhead overkill overwhelming overrun overlook overturn – tip (something) over so that it is on its side or upside down. overclocking is the configuration of a computer hardware component to operate at a faster rate than was certified by the original manufacturer Not to be confused with overclocking(mileometer/odometer) out outbreak outrange outperform outstrip outreach 到达顶端，超越; outperform 做得比…更好，胜过
peal appeal repeal prone error-prone 易错 injury-prone（易受伤的） accident-prone（易出事故的） failure-prone（易失败的） proof water-proof 防水 tamper-proof propa - propagate propaganda pre premises premium account premier(总理) premiere(首映) prelude 序曲，前奏曲; 开场戏，序幕; 前兆，预兆 pro proactive provocate advocate poly polyglot （人） 通晓、使用多种语言的，（书等）用多种语言写的; polymorphic, polynomial polyglot
rain constrain restrain refrain re- remix retrofit retrospect revision recap revamp rephrase refill recharge recompense 补偿 recraft rebuild reentrant [ri:’entrənt 再进去，凹角; resurface 重铺路面; 重新露面; 浮上水面 resistant tamper-resistant 防篡改 rise highrise arise shore reshroe ashore safeguard self- self-explanatory 不言自明 self-contained 自给自足 subtotal scale： global scale time scale semi semiconductor semifinal scribe transcribe suscribe screenscribe side aside downside beside preside 主持，指挥; 担任会议主席 reside super superiority 表示“优越性”或“优势”，侧重于比较中的优越地位或质量 quality superiority（质量优势） superconduct 超导 supersonic 超音速 特殊：supremacy 霸权 supreme：由 super（拉丁词根） 的最高级形式演变而来，本义为“至高无上的 tech supremacy 科技霸权 tri trishaw 三轮车 triple typo
ture texture 质地; 结构; 本质 moisture 水分; 湿气; 潮湿; 降雨量;
verse inverse reverse vice-verse adverse converse ward forward, ahead, onward, forth, foremost,along,outward, outwardly, outwards upward downward inner ward wise pairwise in pairwise成对[双]地，两个两个地; wide worthy trustworthy click-worthy uid liquid fluid un- unease 不安; 忧虑，担心 ultra 过激的 ultrasonic scan 超声波检测 under undercharging underestimate undertake undermine 逐渐削弱
uphold
refer Other: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmKfuFj4nXk