回目录 《硬件基础与物联网IOT》
# 集成电路基本概念
- 集成电路 IC-Integrated Circuit 又称 芯片 Integrated Circuit Chip, an integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, usually silicon.
- 印刷电路板 PCB-Printed Circuit Board 是芯片IC的载体
- 单片机/单片微型计算机 Single Chip Microcomputer，它是把中央处理器（Central Process Unit；CPU）的频率与规格做适当缩减，并将内存（memory）、计数器（Timer）、USB、A／D转换、UART、PLC、DMA等周边接口，甚至LCD驱动电路都整合在单一芯片上，形成芯片级的计算机，为不同的应用场合做不同组合控制 单片机是一种芯片IC；
- CPU MCU MPU
中央处理器（CPU）是电脑中的核心配件，其功能主要是解释计算机指令以及处理计算机软件中的数据。中央处理器主要包括两个部分，即控制器、运算器，其中还包括高速缓冲存储器及实现它们之间联系的数据、控制的总线。处理器架构设计的迭代更新以及集成电路工艺的不断提升促使CPU不断发展完善，从最初专用于数学计算到广泛应用于通用计算，从4位到8位、16位、32位处理器，最后到64位处理器，从各厂商互不兼容到不同指令集架构规范的出现，CPU 自诞生以来一直在飞速发展。
CPU逐渐发展出来三个分枝：
一个是DSP（Digital Signal Processing／Processor，数字信号处理），
另外两个是MCU（Micro Control Unit，微控制器单元）和MPU（Micro Processor Unit，微处理器单元）。
Two basic processing platforms for implementing embedded systems:
- MCU-Microcontroller Unit - Arduinos These devices have varying amounts of integrated Flash (<= 2MB) and RAM (<= 1MB), and are designed to run bare-metal code or a real-time operating system (RTOS), like FreeRTOS. An example of an MCU based system is most Arduinos(ATmega328 8-bit Microcontroller)
- MPU- microprocessor unit - Raspberry PI The second is the Linux-capable Microprocessor Unit (MPU). An MPU typically does not have embedded Flash and RAM — at least on the same die. an example of an MPU based system is the Raspberry PI(RP2040). The fundamental difference between MCU/RTOS and MPU/Linux systems is the memory architecture and the amount of memory in the system. http://bec-systems.com/site/1540/microcontroller-mcu-or-microprocessor-mpu
- 电子元器件 Electronic Components 是电子电路中的基本元素，通常是个别封装，并具有两个或以上的引线或金属接点。电子元件须相互连接以构成一个具有特定功能的电子电路，例如：放大器、无线电接收机、振荡器等，连接电子元件常见的方式之一是焊接到印刷电路板上。电子元件也许是单独的封装（电阻器、电容器、电感器、晶体管、二极管等），或是各种不同复杂度的群组，例如：集成电路（运算放大器、排阻、逻辑门等）。
- 逻辑门电路
逻辑门（Logic Gates)是在集成电路(Integrated Circuit)上的基本组件；
最常用的集成门电路有
- TTL系列集成逻辑门
- CMOS系列集成逻辑门 两大类。就其功能而言，常用的有与门、或门、非门、与非门、或非门、与或非门、异或门以及集电极开路（OC）门、三态（TS）门等 在数字电路中，所谓“门”就是只能实现基本逻辑关系的电路。最基本的逻辑关系是与、或、非，最基本的逻辑门是与门、或门和非门。逻辑门可以用电阻、电容、二极管、三极管等分立原件构成，成为分立元件门。也可以将门电路的所有器件及连接导线制作在同一块半导体基片上，构成集成逻辑门电路 集成电路按照单位芯片面积集成门电路的个数，分为：
- 小规模集成电路（SSI）
- 中规模集成电路(MSI)
- 大规模集成电路(LSI)
- 超大规模集成电路(VLSI) 从制造工艺上来看，数字集成电路可分为：
- 双极型集成电路
- 单极型集成电路
- PLC-programmable logic controller
# 1.Fundamentals
Electronics Foundations: https://www.linkedin.com/learning/electronics-foundations-fundamentals
# 公式
欧姆公式
http://www.54benniao.com/view/28.html
https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/78519916
# 电子元器件 Electronic Components
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_symbol
R 电阻：
色环图
快速：两个红色 220欧， 一个红色 10k，一个黄一个紫色 4.7k，没有比较亮的颜色(棕黑黑) 1k
LED 长正短负
C 电容
铜线/杜邦线能通过的最大电流
模拟引脚（analog） 频率HZ 周期（微秒） 100Hz不是直接等于多少毫秒的问题；它是交流电频率与周期的关系，并且是倒数关系：周期T=1/100=0.01秒=10毫秒。
1.杜邦线 dupont line 贴片元件的焊接教程 - 拖焊技巧 http://www.elecfans.com/article/89/140/2012/20120522273004.html Solderless Breadboard http://www.petervis.com/Raspberry_PI/Solderless_Breadboard/Solderless_Breadboard.html spring clips 弹簧卡子 copper strips 铜带 multimeter 万用表 jumper 跳线 rail 引脚
power regulator oxidation semiconductor transistor 晶体管 MB102 Breadboard Power Supply Module 3.3V 5V http://www.petervis.com/Raspberry_PI/Breadboard_Power_Supply/YwRobot_Breadboard_Power_Supply.html http://www.petervis.com/Raspberry_PI/Breadboard_Power_Supply/Breadboard_Power_Supply.html Provide two different voltages on the two supply lines of the breadboard as needed.However, you should be careful about on which side of the breadboard the module been attached. Check that is minus (-) really is on the blue line and plus (+) on the red line, otherwise it may cause the circuit arrangement evil confusing! Specifications: jumper adjustable output voltage: 3.3V and / or 5V DC – directly on the breadboard additional: 2x 3.3V and 2x 5V plug connections on top USB connector power supply connector (input voltage 6.5V – 12V DC, already tested with 6V) maximum output current: 700mA status LED on/off switch suitable breadboard types: MB-102, ZY-60 dimensions: 52mm x 34mm 可编程逻辑电源/新能源MEMS/传感技术测量仪表嵌入式技术制造/封装模拟技术连接器EMC/EMI设计光电显示存储技术EDA/IC设计处理器/DSP接口/总线/驱动控制/MCURF/无线
引脚高低电平 内部拉起？拉电流弱 外部：接电阻，又5v引脚供电，又称低电平控制/负极控制，灌电流强
# PCB-Printed Circuit Board 印制电路板 - 芯片的载体
PCB类型，如何通过板子画出电路图？ 电路板上如何区分交流直流
如何用万用表测找出电路板的坏的地方？电容爆炸？ https://www.elecfans.com/d/1695230.html http://news.eeworld.com.cn/Test_and_measurement/ic521913.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejDGCiJ-aVs
http://news.eeworld.com.cn/Test_and_measurement/ic514591.html 1、看元件的状态 拿到一块出故障的电路板，首先观察电路板有没有明显的元件损坏，如电解电容烧毁和鼓胀、电阻烧坏以及功率器件的烧损等。
2、看电路板的焊接 如印制电路板有没有变形翘曲；有没有焊点脱落、明显虚焊；电路板覆铜皮有没有翘起、烧糊变黑。
3、观察元件的插件 如集成电路、二极管、电路板电源变压器等方向有没插错。
4、电阻电容电感的简单测试 使用万用表对量程内的电阻、电容、电感等可怀疑元件进行简单的测试，测试有否电阻阻值变大、电容短路、开路和容值变化、电感短路和开路等现象。
5、上电测试 经过上述简单观察和测试后，无法排除故障，可进行上电测试。首先测试电路板供电是否正常。如电路板的交流电源是否异常、稳压器输出是否异常、开关电源输出和波形是否异常等
6、刷程序 对于有单片机、DSP、CPLD等可编程元件，可考虑重新刷一遍程序，排除程序运行异常造成的电路故障。
# 通信协议
针脚：SDA SDL RX TX
UART、RS232、RS485、I2C、SPI、CAN
# 常用芯片-模块
# 串口ttl转usb
TTL - Transistor-Transistor Logic,晶体管晶体管逻辑电路
从稳定性来看，ft3232 > cp2102 > ch340
windows驱动，device manager=》Ports(COM&LPT)
# RFID模块
RC522和PN532的区别 协议支持的类型PN比RC系列更多，PN支持NFC协议，RC主要是ISO14443A/B
# 常用芯片-单片机
Common tips 1.install correct drive 2.cannot find serial port Change the usb cable 3.Upload speed 波特率 Device Manager Port(Com and LRT) USB-SERIAL CH340/341 (pre-install successful, install ' 驱动精灵' and connect USB will auto detect drive) 芯片类型 STC90C5XX 晶振频率 调整波特率一超时 -- 改用低速下载
：atmel,stc,pic,avr,凌阳，80C51，arm
https://hackaday.io/
http://www.yeelink.net/
http://www.elecfans.com/
http://www.robotsky.com/
PCB 入门教程 http://dword1511.info/dword/gswpcb_zhcn/ news: http://www.guancha.cn/Industry/2015_12_09_344069.shtml
Tools http://fritzing.org
# 2.1 NodeMCU
official site: http://www.nodemcu.com forum: http://bbs.nodemcu.com/ source code: https://github.com/nodemcu
Setup: download: http://yunpan.cn/c3qQbdCTK7dtb 访问密码 ef05 win7 users may need cp2102 usb to uart bridge controller driver, CP210x USB to UART Bridge VCP Drivers https://www.silabs.com/products/mcu/Pages/USBtoUARTBridgeVCPDrivers.aspx
NodeMCU Amica Driver: https://www.silabs.com/products/development-tools/software/usb-to-uart-bridge-vcp-drivers Sample: WebServer https://www.teachmemicro.com/simple-nodemcu-web-server/ MessageQueue-PubSub https://www.losant.com/blog/getting-started-with-platformio-esp8266-nodemcu https://github.com/Losant/losant-mqtt-arduino/blob/master/examples/esp8266/esp8266.ino
# 2.2 ESP*** Based Development Board
Esp32 vs esp8266 https://makeradvisor.com/esp32-vs-esp8266/ M5stack https://docs.m5stack.com/#/en/core/basic M5stickC https://docs.m5stack.com/#/zh_CN/core/m5stickc https://docs.m5stack.com/#/zh_CN/quick_start/m5stickc/m5stickc_quick_start_with_arduino_Windows https://github.com/m5stack/M5StickC/tree/master https://www.hackster.io/herbert-stiebritz/very-simple-m5stickc-clock-08275b
https://docs.platformio.org/en/latest/boards/espressif32/m5stick-c.html
esp8266 A Beginner's Guide to the ESP8266 https://tttapa.github.io/ESP8266/Chap01%20-%20ESP8266.html esp8266 esp-12 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8J7zflVO8K0
ESP32 ESP8266 ESP8266真会是Arduino Killer么？ https://blog.csdn.net/eezata/article/details/49884179 https://esp32.com/viewtopic.php?t=86 Arduino for esp32&esp8266开发环境搭建 https://www.jianshu.com/p/8088d461fd11
# 3. 简单案例
# 4. IOT
what? The Internet of Things - IOT is the network of physical objects - devices, vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity - that enables these objects to collect and exchange data. A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting(physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication technologies. Pervasive computing+Networking
when we talk about IOT, what's in/ comes to your mind? question marks? circuit board. collect data,visualize data,analysis data,perform actions show business case: self-driven car / robot arm automation now we talk about smart city, smart nation, but from my point of view, these ideas are somehow unrealistic for now. but smart home and smart factory are relatively much more easy to achieve. At least, machines can take over such kind of tedious jobs like : https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3OTM2NDM2Mw==&mid=2649732684&idx=5&sn=37c3be90ebcf347d9e637066c57aed8b&scene=0#rd someone may feel worried that our jobs may be taken over by machines, but think in this way, we humans can spend more time on tasks require more creative energy.
Why? this concept came out many years ago, why iot is rising today, why now: http://iotindiamag.com/2016/08/10-reasons-iot-rising-today/ sensors developing fast, and getting cheaper https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/iot-business-boost-economy-next-decades-posted-success-scodiero?articleId=8372849347531761698 show raspberry pi & arduino price comparison main stream with these, you can quickly build up your prototype from scratch. comparison: raspberry is a computer looks not like a computer microcomputer, just like your smart phone, besides standard inputs like keysroke/camera/your voice/GPS singal/Radio singal, it also can read from all kinds of sensors it's cheap and full functional, but the downside is it's a single computer,the kernel is a microprocessor, but aruino: controller board, an old fashioned feature phone without os. Microcontrollers are designed to perform specific tasks. Specific means applications where the relationship of input and output is defined. for example, the drone, quadrocopter, 6 channles, yaw, rotate, forward/backward... fly control is a microcontroller https://www.quora.com/How-feasible-is-it-to-use-a-Raspberry-Pi-as-the-control-system-on-an-autonomously-flying-quadcopter http://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/difference-between-microprocessor-and-microcontroller
How? I will show you a video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kzjqBacF1k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=onZ4KMM94yI because we can do it? that's not enough, why we build it? back to 'auto driven car', shared economy
if the car hit someone or another car, who will be responsible for it? programmer? liabilities must be clear. right? agree?
business value, security, risks emerged
how are we going to build IOT system. I would like to introduce some tools here. raspberry pi&arduino facilitate us play with IOT.
tools facilitate your iot development python script i2tool https://www.shodan.io/
The last job on Earth: imagining a fully automated world – video https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/video/2016/feb/17/last-job-on-earth-automation-robots-unemployment-animation-video
LPWAN+CNN低功耗加卷积网络 https://www.matchx.io/getstarted/
IoT Live Demo: 100.000 Connected Cars With Kubernetes, Kafka, MQTT, TensorFlow https://dzone.com/articles/iot-live-demo-100000-connected-cars-with-kubernete
ref:
Blogs&Forum https://www.teachmemicro.com/tutorials/
废物利用：改造旧充电宝 https://ezo.biz/Technolog/fix-powerbank.html 树莓派UPS：用充电宝改造的不间断电源 https://www.quwj.com/2018/12/13/ups-for-raspberry-pi.html
微雪学堂 http://www.waveshare.net/study/portal.php 物联网快速开发（基础篇） http://edu.csdn.net/course/detail/923 DemoBoard 开发板专题： raspberrypi 树莓派 https://www.raspberrypi.org/ https://www.pretzellogix.net/2015/01/14/the-best-raspberry-pi-starter-kits-compared-and-reviewed/ https://learn.adafruit.com/category/learn-raspberry-pi nodemcu http://www.nodemcu.com/ http://www.doit.am/ http://www.doit.am/ Microduino https://www.microduino.cc/ http://www.leiphone.com/tag/Microduino http://www.geekpark.net/topics/212704 arduino https://www.arduino.cc/ http://www.leiphone.com/tag/arduino TinyDuino
物联网工具 https://www.relayr.io/ http://nodered.org/ http://thethingsystem.com/
Shopping: http://www.ickey.cn/
开源工具： https://processing.org/tutorials/electronics/ http://www.datamation.com/open-source/35-open-source-tools-for-the-internet-of-things-1.html
产品： http://www.faxsun.com/ http://skyworksas.com/eedu/
http://36kr.com/p/5038505.html http://www.leiphone.com/news/201509/vp9Fi4Oeuwgx0CU6.html
单片机入门 http://www.elecfans.com/soft/33/2012/20120821285311.html 51、AVR、PIC、MSP430、ARM、DSP http://www.eeskill.com/article/index/id/20643 51单片机 vs 8051 ESP8266 http://www.esp8266.com/ nodemcu based on ESP8266 Arduino 与树莓派 Raspberry P http://www.zhihu.com/question/20755144 https://www.quora.com/What-can-the-Arduino-do-that-the-Raspberry-Pi-cant-and-vice-versa arduino or 8051 https://www.quora.com/Which-is-better-arduino-or-8051-microcontroller
http://www.elecfans.com/zhuanti/DIY_Robot.html http://www.leiphone.com/news/201501/iSmdLPJvuDFiJuVF.html http://www.instructables.com/contest/robotics2015/
MEETINGS: http://solidcon.com/internet-of-things-2015/public/schedule/detail/40797
automated dinosaur game bot https://www.reddit.com/r/arduino/comments/c5o4kf/i_made_an_automated_dinosaur_game_bot/ LDR sensor 光敏电阻