计算机基础教程

回目录 《树莓派raspberry》

pinout (opens new window)

# 1. 快速入门 Setup (opens new window)

# sdcard VS SSD

# sdcard选择

容量越大，存储卡寿命越长

这是很多人不知道的冷知识。无论是 SD 卡还是 SSD，都有“擦写寿命”（比如 TL C颗粒）。

大容量的存储卡内部可使用的冗余空间（Over-provisioning）更多，主控芯片能做更好的磨损均衡。同样是日常使用，128GB 卡的寿命和稳定性通常会明显好于 64GB。

Class 10 (C10)：老大哥，底线担当。

只要带这个标，就意味着最低写入速度绝对不低于 10MB/s。这是当今主流存储卡的及格线，日常存照片、装树莓派系统完全够用。

U3：实力派，速度进阶。

它是 UHS-I（高速总线）时代的标准，要求最低写入速度达到 30MB/s。拍 4K 视频、高速连拍 raw 格式照片必须用它。

V30 等（补充彩蛋）：视频专家。

看到带个 V字母的（如 V30, V60），那是专门为视频拍摄定的标准。V30 就代表最低 30MB/s 的视频录制保障。

A1 (Application Performance Class 1)：入门应用级。

官方要求：随机读取至少 1500 IOPS，随机写入至少 500 IOPS。

(人话：应付日常系统运行、挂个轻量级服务毫无压力。)

A2 (Application Performance Class 2)：狂暴应用级。

官方要求：随机读取飙升至 4000 IOPS，随机写入达到 2000 IOPS。

(人话：专治各种不服！海量小文件瞬间响应，跑 Kali Linux 这种需要频繁读写的系统简直是丝滑。)

# SSD 选择及配置

树莓派5（NVMe SSD）和树莓派4B（USB外接SSD）,若是 NVMe，需配合硬盘盒或扩展板接入电脑

SSD 尤其是 NVMe 硬盘的功耗不小，建议使用官方正规的大功率适配器（如 5V/5A），以免硬盘因供电不足而掉盘

树莓派 5 原生支持 PCIe 接口，发挥 NVMe 满血性能的步骤如下：

连线与使能：将 NVMe 硬盘通过扩展板（如 M.2 HAT+）插到树莓派 5 上。如果是全新安装，先用一张带系统的 SD 卡引导进入系统。

更新引导固件 (EEPROM)：打开终端，输入 sudo raspi-config，进入 Advanced Options-> Bootloader Version，将其改为 Latest，保存退出并更新系统。

开启 PCIe 接口：编辑引导配置文件 sudo nano /boot/firmware/config.txt，在文件末尾添加 dtparam=pciex1（若想开启 PCIe 3.0 满速，可再加一行 dtparam=pciex1_gen=3）。保存后重启。

修改启动顺序：再次打开终端，输入 sudo rpi-eeprom-config --edit。找到 BOOT_ORDER这一行，将其修改为 BOOT_ORDER=0xf416（意思是优先尝试从 NVMe 硬盘启动）。

大功告成：关机电，拔掉 SD 卡，再次上电，系统就会从 SSD 疾速启动了！

树莓派 4B 没有 PCIe 接口，但支持从 USB 3.0 外接 SSD 启动，速度同样秒杀 SD 卡：

更新引导固件：同样先用 SD 卡引导进入系统，打开终端输入 sudo raspi-config，将 Bootloader（引导加载程序）更新到最新版本。

修改启动顺序：输入 sudo rpi-eeprom-config --edit，将 BOOT_ORDER的值修改为包含 USB 启动的优先级（例如 0xf14或 0xf41，具体可根据你的需求调整，核心是让 USB 排在前面）。

大功告成：将做好的 SSD 插入树莓派 4B 的蓝色 USB 3.0 接口，拔掉 SD 卡，重新上电即可。

# format micro sdcard

sandisk extreme plus

Then format Sdcard with ‘SD Card Formatter’ (opens new window)

if your sdcard more than 32G, windows disk manager may not be able to format it correctly, I am not sure abt mac and other os, use sdcard formatter instead

# burn image 烧录镜像

树莓派支持多种镜像：

  • 默认是官方的 Raspberry Pi OS (opens new window)
  • kali linux
  • (ubuntu mate for raspberry)[https://ubuntu-mate.org/raspberry-pi/]
  • multiple boot with berryboot (predefined os: rasbian/ubuntu mate,core/kali,etc.

# 如果有显示器:可以连接显示器

Connect to monitor(change monitor setting)

# 如果没有显示器:可以用headless无头模式 headless install

插上microsd,目录boot下创建wpa_supplicant.conf:

ctrl_interface=DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=netdev
update_config=1
country=<Insert 2 letter ISO 3166-1 country code here>

network={
        scan_ssid=1
        ssid="<Name of your wireless LAN>"
        psk="<Password for your wireless LAN>"
        proto=RSN
        key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
        pairwise=CCMP
        auth_alg=OPEN
}

注意：wifi5G连不到多半是因为country code没有设置

而ssh开启很简单，创建一个ssh文件就ok

touch ssh

# 启动 boot

For headless install only: Using ip scanner (opens new window) or router admin to find out the ip for ssh connect

Default login: pi/raspberry

Once login, Enable SSH/VNC/wifi/CAMERA….

# Extend sdcard to full use

  • Method 1 "sudo raspi-config" then selecting "Advanced Options" then "Expand Filesystem".
  • Method 2 使用fdisk、resize2fs命令扩展

Note:

  • if you find there are some unallocated spaces, then your sdcard may has been corrupted due to some improper operations, then you definitely need to delete the partition and repartition it.
  • remember partition it as primary not logic, and better choose FAT32 format

测速：安装之后可以使用 raspbian自带的Raspberry Pi Diagnostic

高级配置：延长sd卡的寿命 (opens new window)

# Set hostname

If you are using the raspian distribution from raspberrypi.org, raspberrypi.local is the default hostname. sudo nano /etc/hosts sudo nano /etc/hostname

# Remote Access

  • ssh Enter sudo raspi-config in a terminal window Select Interfacing Options Navigate to and select SSH Choose Yes Select Ok
  • VNC sudo apt update sudo apt install realvnc-vnc-server realvnc-vnc-viewer sudo raspi-config Navigate to Interfacing Options. Scroll down and select VNC › Yes.

Remote Access (opens new window)

# Configuration

全部配置参考 (opens new window)

enable bluetooth

bluetoothctl 
agent on
default agent

# 最佳实践：备份镜像

sd卡会随时损坏！所以备份很重要！ Win32DiskImage

launch the Win32 Disk Imager tool with administrator privileges Select the location to save your backup files. ... Click on the Read option to start the backup process.

# firmware config

enable/disable the onboard WiFi/bluetooth from the firmware on the Pi3 / Pi4: /boot/config.txt: dtoverlay=enable-wifi dtoverlay=enable-bt or dtoverlay=disable-wifi dtoverlay=disable-bt

# Handy tools

tools for raspbery pi:

  • virtual keyboard: sudo apt-get install matchbox
  • CanaKit Raspberry Pi 3 B+ (B Plus) with 2.5A Power Supply (UL Listed) https://www.amazon.com.au/CanaKit-Raspberry-Power-Supply-Listed/dp/B07BC6WH7V/?tag=wnbau-22
  • Rii Mini Wireless 2.4GHz Keyboard Black MWK01 (X1) K01 https://www.amazon.com.au/Rii-Wireless-Keyboard-Touchpad-Control/dp/B00I5SW8MC/?tag=wnbau-22&th=1

tools for desktop users:

tools for android phone user all you need are here:

  • AndFTP supporting FTP, FTPS, SCP, and SFTP
  • RPiREF this app has a full reference of all pins and headers.
  • Fing network scanning tool
  • ConnectBot/JuicySSH
  • Hacker's Keyboard
  • AndroidVNC remote connection to the GUI

# 2. 常用命令 Common Used commands

Config

sudo raspi-config

Checking Raspberry Pi Revision Number & Board Version

$ pinout
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
$ cat /proc/device-tree/model

# 3. 高级模式 Advanced Setup

# Connect to Mobile via USB only(otg)

Edit /etc/network/interfaces and append these two lines:

allow-hotplug usb0

iface usb0 inet dhcp

on Android, I enable USB tethering

plug in Pi.

install ping&net app, find the ip address assigned to the Pi

install ssh client - juicy ssh

视频演示 (opens new window)

# Connect to laptop via USB only(Gadget Mode)

Note: this only works on Zero and A boards, not RPi 3, which is B.

SD card mount on your computer:

append to config.txt: dtoverlay=dwc2

touch ssh

edit the file called cmdline.txt. Look for rootwait, and add modules-load=dwc2,g_ether immediately after.

Note the formatting of cmdline.txt is very strict. Commands are separated by spaces, and newlines are not allowed.

Now you can eject the SD card, and insert it into the the Pi. Using a USB cable, connect to the Raspberry Pi from your computer.

After the Pi boots up (this will take a while initially), the Pi should appear as a USB Ethernet device, and you can SSH into it using:

ssh [email protected]

# laptop

example: Pi-Top https://pimylifeup.com/pi-top-review/ https://3dprint.com/45158/pi-top-version-3/ pi-top install hands on http://makezine.com/2015/11/16/hands-on-with-pi-top-the-raspberry-pi-powered-laptop/ run standard raspbian on pi-top https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=29&t=149151&p=990308 https://github.com/rricharz/pi-top-install

# Cooling system

yes, you need, http://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/22928/does-the-raspberry-pi-need-a-cooling-system, https://www.zhihu.com/question/20767376 heat sink https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AYGnw6MwFM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AYGnw6MwFM water cooling https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RggpIEYh9VU

# 4. Developing

# 4.1 Read analog 数模转换

https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=37&t=137207 https://learn.adafruit.com/reading-a-analog-in-and-controlling-audio-volume-with-the-raspberry-pi/overview

https://www.labno3.com/2021/02/23/raspberry-pi-adc-analog-to-digital-converter-2/

DA转换例子：连接老式 analog 电视（A cathode-ray tube (CRT) TV）

  • Option 1: Analog Converter Chip
    • analogzero
  • Option 2: Raspberry Pi's GPIO expansion board
    • Gertboard 带AD或DA转换
  • Option 3: 直接连接自带AD/DA的 Arduino

# 4.2 模块

# Camera

picamera sudo apt-get install python3 sudo apt-get install python3-pip pip3 install picamera

树莓派摄像头安装 https://www.rs-online.com/designspark/chi-pi-cam-setup-tutorial https://linux.cn/article-3650-1.html 非官方 ./mjpg_streamer -i './input_raspicam.so' -o './output_http.so -w ./www'

Time lapse film https://projects.raspberrypi.org/en/projects/cress-egg-heads https://projects.raspberrypi.org/en/projects/cress-egg-heads/10

sudo apt-get install ffmpeg
#avconv -r 10 -i image%04d.jpg -r 10 -vcodec libx264 -crf 20 -g 15 timelapse.mp4
ffmpeg -r 10 -i image%04d.jpg -c:v libx264 -vf fps=25 -pix_fmt yuv420p out.mp4

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/24961127/how-to-create-a-video-from-images-with-ffmpeg

Image viewer https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/1391/can-anyone-recommend-a-simple-image-viewer

sudo apt-get install feh
feh -d -S filename ./

# 5. Use Cases

# VPN Server / Anonymously with a DIY Raspberry Pi VPN/TOR Router

https://medium.com/@rasmurtech/step-by-step-guide-to-configuring-a-raspberry-pi-as-a-tor-router-and-installing-the-tor-browser-dd0df49a9e8a

https://makezine.com/projects/browse-anonymously-with-a-diy-raspberry-pi-vpntor-router/ How to Make a Raspberry Pi VPN Server https://www.electromaker.io/tutorial/blog/raspberry-pi-vpn-server

# retro gaming emulator

# 5.1 Auto Watering system

Arduino, solenoid valve with a power supply, breadboard, electronic water sensor, rain bird sprinkler head, and a relay. http://blogs.sourceallies.com/2014/06/automated-plant-watering-system/ http://makezine.com/2015/04/13/video-walkthrough-automatic-garden-watering-data-logging-arduino/

https://www.hackster.io/ben-eagan/raspberry-pi-automated-plant-watering-with-website-8af2dc http://nuke666.cn/2018/04/14/auto-water-flowers/

比较器模块 土壤湿度探头 继电器模块 黑胶布

https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=169666

# Cluster

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_r3z1jYHAc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJKhRLKXr-Q

# Ethereum Node

http://ethembedded.com/?page_id=171 Build a RespNode http://raspnode.com/diyEthereumGeth.html#homenet 中文安装全记录： http://blog.csdn.net/iracer/article/details/51620051

# 黑客基站 Kali

run kali on raspberry

# 树莓派 太阳能板 + nxtcoin pos +移动硬盘

https://www.nxter.org/how-to-set-up-a-nxt-node-on-a-raspberry-pi-2/

# Raspberry Pi Recovery Kit

https://doscher.com/work/recovery-kit

# 挖矿

images for miner: http://cryptomining-blog.com/tag/raspberry-pi-mining/ http://www.digital-coins.net/wordpress/index.php/2014/12/20/setup-your-raspberry-pi-as-mining-device-controller/

# Private Tracker魔力值

基于这个开源项目 https://github.com/linuxserver/docker-qbittorrent

# 创建用于存储下载资源的文件夹（推荐将外接硬盘挂载到这个位置，有效提升提升树莓派的存储上限）
mkdir /opt/sda1
# 创建文件夹
mkdir /opt/server-qbittorrent
cd /opt/server-qbittorrent
# 创建用于存储配置的文件夹
mkdir /opt/server-qbittorrent/appdata
# 创建配置文件
touch /opt/server-qbittorrent/docker-compose.yml

---
version: "2.1"
services:
  qbittorrent:
    image: lscr.io/linuxserver/qbittorrent:latest
    container_name: qbittorrent
    environment:
      - PUID=1000
      - PGID=1000
      - TZ=Etc/UTC
      - WEBUI_PORT=8080
    volumes:
      - /opt/server-qbittorrent/appdata/config:/config
      - /opt/sda1/pt/downloads:/downloads
    ports:
      - 8080:8080
      - 6881:6881
      - 6881:6881/udp
    restart: unless-stopped

cd /opt/server-qbittorrent/
sudo docker-compose up -d

在树莓派frpc.ini文件添加端口映射，将树莓派的8080端口映射到服务器8081端口实例配置
[qbit-8080]
type = tcp
local_ip = 127.0.0.1
local_port = 8080
remote_port = 8081
最后记得重启树莓派的frpc服务，服务器放行8081端口，公网可以通过Web访问，开始愉快做种，赚魔力值吧。

# Troubleshooting

# 关于显示器无法显示：

/boot/config.txt 都是sdcard上config文件的配置问题，比如我买的pi top，用了pi top的distro就可以显示，而自己烧录的raspbian就无法显示， 然后我只是文件compare了一下config，改成跟pi top的distro一样就ok了

# Network access

A. wifi connected, no internet access B. cannot connect to wifi C. static ip address

check points:

ethnet wlan ifconfig wconfig /etc/network/intefaces /etc/wpa_suppliant/wpa_suppliant.conf /etc/resolv.conf sudo ifdown wlan0 sudo ifup wlan0

2.4G working but not 5G set country code

sudo vi /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
country=SG
....

https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/configuration/wireless/wireless-cli.md dns flush: sudo apt-get nscd sudo /etc/init.d/nscd restart http://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/4275/dns-resolution-failure https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=91&t=31238 http://askubuntu.com/questions/572152/i-cant-access-the-internet-through-my-raspberry-pi-when-connected-through-ssh https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=23344 https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=91&t=98903 How to Set Up WiFi on the Raspberry Pi www.circuitbasics.com/raspberry-pi-wifi-installing-wifi-dongle/ http://weworkweplay.com/play/automatically-connect-a-raspberry-pi-to-a-wifi-network/ raspberrypihq.com/how-to-add-wifi-to-the-raspberry-pi/ wifi country code http://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/44183/wifi-country-code-resetting https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=28&t=81021

# Screen Display/Monitor & Resolution

if your monitor supports multiple ports, config the correct one

7 Inch 1024600 HDMI LCD Display with Touch Screen https://www.elecrow.com/wiki/index.php?title=7_Inch_1024600_HDMI_LCD_Display_with_Touch_Screen

http://hackaday.com/2014/11/02/using-cell-phone-screens-with-any-hdmi-interface/ https://howtoraspberrypi.com/raspberry-pi-hdmi-not-working/

VGA Adapter: RGB IN DVI-D DVI-I It turns out that a typical digital monitor only accepts DVI-D connectors. A standard DVI-I connector (left) may be converted to a DVI-D (right) by removing the 4 additional pins surround the big pin. This extraction is easily done using a long-nose plier.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWSHrTHKg0w#t=156.177646

# keyboard & mouse

laggy wifi mouse

vim /boot/cmdline.txt
usbhid.mousepoll=8
You can change the number to anything from 0-8. The lower the number the smoother the mouse movement will be, but the higher the load on the CPU. 

for readonly:
 LibreELEC mounts /flash as read-only, so you need to look which device and partition it is and remount it as writeable:
eg: df -h (to see mounted partitions), then:
mount -o remount,rw /dev/mmcblk0p8 /flash

keyboard issue, e.g quotes key https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=28&t=24751

# Power supply

5V 2.1A if power brownout you will see a lighting bolt on top right corner. Don't use usb connected your computer, it may burn your motherboard, be carefully when use phone power supply, USB connectors normally imply 5V (but note that some cheap USB connected chargers [not "power supplies"] may be unregulated, and when lightly loaded may output more than 5Volt, even 6Volt or more), generally all micro USB cables should be adhering to the USB standards and output at around 5V, but we specifically mention the 5V to make sure people are checking the voltage levels put out by their charger before blindly plugging it in.So once we're sure people make sure it's a 5V PSU, since they're already looking down there, check for how many mA (or Amps) it puts out. The Model B needs ~700mA (0.7A) to run. As such it will not run off your computer's USB port as that only provides 500mA. --https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=4812 http://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/26705/will-any-external-battery-power-a-raspberry-pi http://raspi-ups.appspot.com/en/index.jsp power supply switch https://www.pi-supply.com/product/pi-supply-raspberry-pi-power-switch/?v=79cba1185463 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpAYDcW_Jx0

  • VNC raspbian cannot currently show the desktop Enable boot to desktop(lite version by default boot to console) sudo apt-get install lxsession https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=216737#p1486094

  • Raspbian buster lite no wireless interfaces found https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/configuration/wireless/wireless-cli.md ip link show https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/89704/rpi3-model-b-no-wireless-interface-found

InRelease' changed its 'Suite' value from 'testing' to 'stable' apt-get --allow-releaseinfo-change update HOW TO FIX INRELEASE’ CHANGED ITS ‘SUITE’ VALUE FROM ‘STABLE’ TO ‘OLDSTABLE’ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list deb https://archive.raspberrypi.org/debian/ bullseye main

?#pro01： ubuntu welcome to emergency mode Using a VNC client that requests the wrong amount of colors, will crash the application (displaying an “emergency recovery shell” on screen). http://www.berryterminal.com/doku.php/berryboot/headless_installation http://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/37558/how-to-troubleshoot-a-headless-pi-that-boots-into-emergency-mode https://ubuntu-mate.community/t/getting-emergency-mode-screen-on-boot-up-every-time/2626/3 https://ubuntu-mate.community/t/getting-emergency-mode-screen-on-boot-up-every-time/2626/5 https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=56&t=124149

# ref:

SSH the Pi from computer with a USB cable only (opens new window)

马来西亚最大州的每所小学都在使用树莓派！ (opens new window)

Sfera - 将树莓派引入工业自动化环境 (opens new window)